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Inequality
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Inequality Reexamined
This book brings together and develops some of the most important economic, social, and ethical ideas Sen has explored over the last two decades.It examines the claims of equality in social arrangements, stressing that we should be concerned with people's capabilities rather than either their resources or their welfare.Sen also looks at some types of inequality that have been less systematically studied than those of class or wealth.
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Social Inequality
This book provides up to date discussion and evidence about inequalities, social divisions and stratification. Its innovative style engages readers and encourages them to reflect upon the many dimensions of social inequality. This updated third edition contains: Three new chapters on employment, sexualities and migrationUpdated coverage of intersectionality throughoutThirteen new in-depth case studies (one per chapter) This is a must read as a key introductory companion for students who wish to understand the dynamics of contemporary social inequality. Louise Warwick-Booth is a Reader at the School of Health, Leeds Beckett University
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Socioeconomic Segregation and Educational Inequality : Evidence from International Assessments
This open access book uses multiple IEA Assessments to examine the relationship between socioeconomic segregation between classrooms and student outcomes.By examining Socioeconomic status (SES) segregation between classrooms as well as between schools, it produces a more accurate estimate of student sorting.Further, this study examines the differential impact of student sorting across subject areas and grades in order to explore whether school structure’s relationship to educational inequality exhibits content and longitudinal heterogeneity.This study employs time series, fixed-effect, random-effects, and synthetic-cohort methods to comprehensively investigate the robustness of the relationship between SES segregation and achievement inequalities.This project makes an important contribution to researchers’ understanding of student sorting’s impact using a comparative lens, while also providing important information to policymakers on the role of schools in mediating social inequalities.
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What is the export-import trade?
Export-import trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It involves the sale of goods and services from one country to another (export) and the purchase of goods and services from another country (import). This trade is essential for the global economy as it allows countries to access products and resources that they may not have domestically, while also providing opportunities for businesses to expand their markets and reach new customers. The balance of export and import trade is an important indicator of a country's economic health and its relationship with other nations.
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How are social inequality and educational inequality related?
Social inequality and educational inequality are closely related as they often reinforce each other. Individuals from marginalized or disadvantaged social groups, such as low-income families or minority communities, tend to have limited access to quality education due to factors like lack of resources, discrimination, or systemic barriers. This lack of educational opportunities then perpetuates social inequality by limiting their ability to secure better jobs, higher incomes, and improved social status. Addressing educational inequality is crucial in breaking this cycle and promoting social mobility and equality.
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What is inequality?
Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups within a society. This can manifest in various forms, such as economic inequality, social inequality, and political inequality. It often results in disparities in income, education, healthcare, and access to basic necessities, leading to a lack of equal opportunities and outcomes for different segments of the population. Addressing inequality is crucial for creating a fair and just society where everyone has the chance to thrive and reach their full potential.
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What is the import-export trade with Spain?
The import-export trade with Spain involves a variety of goods and services. Spain is known for exporting products such as machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products like fruits and vegetables. In return, Spain imports goods such as petroleum, machinery, and chemicals. The trade relationship between Spain and other countries is important for both parties' economies, as it allows for the exchange of goods and services that are beneficial for each country's industries and consumers.
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Reflections on Inequality
Originally published in 1975, this anthology of essays focusses on the historical dimension of class inequality which has long concerned both sociologists and social philosophers but has often been neglected in literature.Although Marx is the first name to come to mind when social inequality and class struggles are mentioned, most of the authors included here precede him.Each analyses and discusses the problems of class conflict as they understood them in the light of their own times.Taken together these writers treat stratification as essentially a pecking order where position is determined by relative power – a notion which subsumes rather than contradicts the economic interpretation of social inequality because wealth is a form of power.The relation between the views of these authors and the well-known theory of Marx is discussed in the Introduction.
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Why Does Inequality Matter?
Inequality is widely regarded as morally objectionable: T.M. Scanlon investigates why it matters to us. Demands for greater equality can seem puzzling, because it can be unclear what reason people have for objecting to the difference between what they have and what others have, as opposed simply to wanting to be better off.This book examines six such reasons. Inequality can be objectionable because it arises from a failure of some agent to give equal concern to the interests of different parties to whom it is obligated to provide some good.It can be objectionable because it involves or gives rise to objectionable inequalities in status.It can be objectionable because it gives the rich unacceptable forms of control over the lives of those who have less.It can be objectionable because it interferes with the procedural fairness of economic institutions, or because it deprives some people of substantive opportunity to take part in those institutions.Inequality can be objectionable because it interferes with the fairness of political institutions.Finally, inequality in wealth and income can be objectionable because it is unfair: the institutional mechanisms that produce it cannot be justified in the relevant way.Scanlon's aims is to provide a moral anatomy of these six reasons, and the ideas of equality that they involve.He also examines objections to the pursuit of equality on the ground that it involves objectionable interference with individual liberty, and argues that ideas of desert do not provide a basis either for justifying significant economic inequality or for objecting to it.
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The Globalization of Inequality
In The Globalization of Inequality, distinguished economist and policymaker Francois Bourguignon examines the complex and paradoxical links between a vibrant world economy that has raised the living standard of over half a billion people in emerging nations such as China, India, and Brazil, and the exponentially increasing inequality within countries.Exploring globalization's role in the evolution of inequality, Bourguignon takes an original and truly international approach to the decrease in inequality between nations, the increase in inequality within nations, and the policies that might moderate inequality's negative effects. Demonstrating that in a globalized world it becomes harder to separate out the factors leading to domestic or international inequality, Bourguignon examines each trend through a variety of sources, and looks at how these inequalities sometimes balance each other out or reinforce one another. Factoring in the most recent economic crisis, Bourguignon investigates why inequality in some countries has dropped back to levels that have not existed for several decades, and he asks if these should be considered in the context of globalization or if they are in fact specific to individual nations.Ultimately, Bourguignon argues that it will be up to countries in the developed and developing world to implement better policies, even though globalization limits the scope for some potential redistributive instruments. An informed and original contribution to the current debates about inequality, this book will be essential reading for anyone who is interested in the future of the world economy.
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World Inequality Report 2022
Produced by a team of world-leading economists, this is the benchmark account of recent and historical trends in inequality. World Inequality Report 2022 is the most authoritative and comprehensive account available of global trends in inequality.Researched, compiled, and written by a team of world-leading economists, the report builds on the pioneering edition of 2018 to provide policy makers and scholars everywhere up-to-date information about an ever broader range of countries and about forms of inequality that researchers have previously ignored or found hard to trace. Over the past decade, inequality has taken center stage in public debate as the wealthiest people in most parts of the world have seen their share of the economy soar relative to that of others.The resulting political and social pressures have posed harsh new challenges for governments and created a pressing demand for reliable data.The World Inequality Lab, housed at the Paris School of Economics and the University of California, Berkeley, has answered this call by coordinating research into the latest trends in the accumulation and distribution of income and wealth on every continent.This new report not only extends the lab’s international reach but provides crucial new information about the history of inequality, gender inequality, environmental inequalities, and trends in international tax reform and redistribution. World Inequality Report 2022 will be a key document for anyone concerned about one of the most imperative and contentious subjects in contemporary politics and economics.
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How do I solve the inequality and what is an inequality?
An inequality is a mathematical statement that compares two quantities using symbols such as < (less than), > (greater than), ≤ (less than or equal to), or ≥ (greater than or equal to). To solve an inequality, you need to isolate the variable on one side of the inequality sign. You can do this by performing the same operations on both sides of the inequality, just like you would with an equation. However, if you multiply or divide by a negative number, you need to reverse the inequality sign. Once you have isolated the variable, you can determine the range of values that satisfy the inequality.
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What is social inequality?
Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society. It can manifest in various forms such as income inequality, educational disparities, and unequal access to healthcare. Social inequality is often perpetuated by systemic factors such as discrimination, prejudice, and institutional barriers, leading to marginalized groups facing disadvantages and barriers to social mobility. Addressing social inequality requires systemic changes to create a more equitable society where all individuals have equal opportunities to thrive.
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What is gender inequality?
Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. This can manifest in various ways, such as unequal access to education, employment opportunities, healthcare, and political representation. It also includes the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes and expectations based on gender, as well as the prevalence of gender-based violence and discrimination. Gender inequality is a pervasive issue that affects individuals of all genders and can have far-reaching social, economic, and political implications.
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Is inequality really bad?
Inequality can have negative consequences for society as a whole. It can lead to social unrest, political instability, and hinder economic growth. When a small portion of the population holds a disproportionate amount of wealth and power, it can create divisions and perpetuate injustices. Addressing inequality through policies that promote equal opportunities and fair distribution of resources can lead to a more stable and prosperous society.
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