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National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade
This study begins with a brief survey of economic thought on the relationship between foreign trade and national power, from the Mercantilists on.Chapter II attempts a systematic theoretical approach to the subject.It first makes clear the fundamental basis of the possible use of foreign trade as an instrument of national power policy.Using well-known concepts of economic analysis, it proceeds to show under what conditions and by means of what policies this instrument is likely to attain its highest efficiency.The principles of power policy thus deduced theoretically are then compared with the actual practices followed by German trading methods in recent years.Toward the end of this chapter the reader will be carried into a detailed discussion of certain problems of the theory of international trade, which are touched upon earlier in the chapter. Chapter III is applied to the historical background of our problem.It gives a survey of the literature on "economic aggression" before and during World War I and brings out the importance of the Paris Economic Conference of the Allies in 1916 for the Versailles Treaty and postwar economic policies. In Chapter IV we review in the light of our theoretical and historical analyses certain safeguards or remedies which could be or have been proposed to prevent the use of foreign trade as an instrument of national power policies. Certain questions raised in Part 1 can be answered in quantitative terms.Part 2 consists, therefore, of an exposition of various trends of international trade in recent years disclosed by statistical analysis. In Chapter V we calculate an index number expressing the extent to which the trade of the large trading nations is or has been directed by preference toward the smaller trading countries.Chapter VI gives index numbers for the degree of concentration of their foreign trade on one or a few big markets or sources of supply.Finally, in Chapter VII we measure the extent to which world trade has been based primarily on an exchange of manufactures against raw materials and foodstuffs. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact.Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology.This title was originally published in 1945, with an expanded edition published in 1980.
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Managing International Trade Risk : Customs, Revenue and VAT Compliance
This book provides readers with an authoritative guide to measure, quantify and address customs, VAT and international trade risk, especially with a view to maximising the efficiency of both trade practice and the governance and collection of national revenue associated with the regulation and control of cross-border trade. Delivering expert insight into the rationale behind customs investigations, Managing International Trade Risk defines trader risk in terms of international trade and customs and VAT compliance, and highlights the pitfalls in conducting international trade and customs management, practices and procedures.Offering a guide to dealing with customs issues that ensures correct and accurate compliance is the priority when it comes to dealing with imports and exports, it offers solutions in terms of trader knowledge of customs procedures coupled with the knowledge to avoid problems concerning customs and VAT compliance issues and regulations. This text is written for customs and VAT practitioners, lawyers, policy-makers, industry and financial professionals (international trade, tax and finance), scholars, lecturers, quasi-government organisations and Government departments (Treasury, Tax), as well as Chambers of Commerce.It will be of interest to all involved in the process of international trade, customs and VAT.
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Structure
From 1839 when it was invented, photography has served to create portraits of individuals, and soon thereafter portraits of families, later placed in photo albums.Photography, collected and archived, entered the intimate sphere, enabling people to arrange the fragmented images of their lives as they saw fit.Following its forerunners (miniature portraits, silhouettes, physionotraces), the photographic portrait also served the new expectations of the emerging urban bourgeoisie and its need for social representation.Studios opened up in cities everywhere to meet the fast growing demand.In addition, the new medium distinguishted itself with its esthetic superiority. "Even as it emerged, although the technique was still very primitive, photography enjoyed an exceptional quality of artistic finish (Gisele Freund)".What can photography show us to day of the visible and invisible aspects of family sociology? "How do the roles we expect them to play betray the emotional realities and complexities of lived life?" wonders Daniel Mendelsohn, in his introduction entitled "Unknown Faces/ Redeeming Structures".By creating this corpus of fixed black and white images, each composed in a large 5'x7' frame, the photographer has produced a work of anthropological scope, reaching beyond representation by placing the subject at palpable distance, thereby objectifying it.What should we think of these seemingly impassive faces and their hypnotic gazes, what should we think of these postures, seated or standing?What goes on within these families and outside the frame?The use of a rigid protocol similar in all sessions makes every family portraits intriguing, and encourages our reflection.Inspired by the work of Bernd and Hilla Becher, whose esthetics of objectivity tended towards minimalism, Isabelle Boccon-Gibod, a self-made artist, with an interest for technique, has played with a frontality quite similar to that of the Bechers, resting on the idea that our bodies, when joined together, form a sort of architecture.The idea, also, that a face, deprived of its smile, offers a neutrality of expression worth considering: masks fall and reveal a nakedness (naked truth?) to be admired and deciphered beyond the appearances of social games.She was guided, yet not limited, by this principle: the image of a family seen as a facade-like structure, in which faces are the windows.
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The Ritual Process : Structure and Anti-Structure
In The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, Victor Turner examines rituals of the Ndembu in Zambia and develops his now-famous concept of "Communitas." He characterizes it as an absolute inter-human relation beyond any form of structure. The Ritual Process has acquired the status of a small classic since these lectures were first published in 1969.Turner demonstrates how the analysis of ritual behavior and symbolism may be used as a key to understanding social structure and processes.He extends Van Gennep's notion of the "liminal phase" of rites of passage to a more general level, and applies it to gain understanding of a wide range of social phenomena.Once thought to be the "vestigial" organs of social conservatism, rituals are now seen as arenas in which social change may emerge and be absorbed into social practice. As Roger Abrahams writes in his foreword to the revised edition: "Turner argued from specific field data.His special eloquence resided in his ability to lay open a sub-Saharan African system of belief and practice in terms that took the reader beyond the exotic features of the group among whom he carried out his fieldwork, translating his experience into the terms of contemporary Western perceptions.Reflecting Turner's range of intellectual interests, the book emerged as exceptional and eccentric in many ways: yet it achieved its place within the intellectual world because it so successfully synthesized continental theory with the practices of ethnographic reports."
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What is the export-import trade?
Export-import trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It involves the sale of goods and services from one country to another (export) and the purchase of goods and services from another country (import). This trade is essential for the global economy as it allows countries to access products and resources that they may not have domestically, while also providing opportunities for businesses to expand their markets and reach new customers. The balance of export and import trade is an important indicator of a country's economic health and its relationship with other nations.
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What is the import-export trade with Spain?
The import-export trade with Spain involves a variety of goods and services. Spain is known for exporting products such as machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products like fruits and vegetables. In return, Spain imports goods such as petroleum, machinery, and chemicals. The trade relationship between Spain and other countries is important for both parties' economies, as it allows for the exchange of goods and services that are beneficial for each country's industries and consumers.
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How does international shipping work with German customs?
International shipping with German customs involves the sender providing detailed information about the contents of the package, its value, and the recipient's contact information. The package is then inspected by German customs officials to ensure compliance with import regulations and to determine any applicable duties or taxes. Once the package clears customs, it is delivered to the recipient's address. It is important to accurately declare the contents and value of the package to avoid delays or additional fees.
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To what extent is HM involved in global trade (export/import)?
HM, a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, is heavily involved in global trade through both exports and imports. The company sources its products from various countries around the world, including many in Asia and Europe, making it a major player in the global supply chain. Additionally, HM has a strong presence in international markets, with stores in over 70 countries, further highlighting its involvement in global trade. Overall, HM's business model relies heavily on global trade to supply its products and reach customers worldwide.
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From Apology to Utopia : The Structure of International Legal Argument
This book presents a critical view of international law as an argumentative practice that aims to 'depoliticise' international relations.Drawing from a range of materials, Koskenniemi demonstrates how international law becomes vulnerable to the contrasting criticisms of being either an irrelevant moralist Utopia or a manipulable façade for State interests.He examines the conflicts inherent in international law - sources, sovereignty, 'custom' and 'world order' - and shows how legal discourse about such subjects can be described in terms of a small number of argumentative rules.This book was originally published in English in Finland in 1989 and though it quickly became a classic, it has been out of print for some years.In 2006, Cambridge was proud to reissue this seminal text, together with a freshly written Epilogue in which the author both responds to critiques of the original work, and reflects on the effect and significance of his 'deconstructive' approach today.
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Word Structure
Word Structure, provides a complete introduction to morphology, the study of the structure of words.Word Structure:* examines how words work as part of the language system* encourages readers to take an objective and analytic approach* refers to a wealth of languages, including Turkish and Latin, to illustrate points raised* provides clear and succinct summaries at the end of each unit.
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Structure
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Structure
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How could one structure a presentation on international politics?
A presentation on international politics could be structured by first providing an overview of the current global political landscape, including key players and major issues. Then, the presentation could delve into specific regions or countries and their political dynamics, including recent developments and their implications. It would also be important to discuss major international organizations and their roles in shaping global politics. Finally, the presentation could conclude with an analysis of potential future trends and challenges in international politics. Visual aids, such as maps, charts, and graphs, could be used to enhance the audience's understanding.
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How does international shipping, customs, etc. work on eBay?
eBay provides a platform for sellers to list items for sale internationally, allowing buyers from different countries to purchase these items. When a buyer from another country makes a purchase, the seller is responsible for shipping the item to the buyer's location. International shipping costs and delivery times vary depending on the shipping method chosen by the seller. Customs duties and import taxes may also apply, which the buyer is typically responsible for paying upon receiving the item. eBay provides tools and resources to help sellers navigate international shipping and customs requirements.
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How does customs clearance work for international shipping with DHL?
Customs clearance for international shipping with DHL involves the process of getting approval from the customs authorities to export or import goods. When shipping with DHL, the sender is required to provide detailed information about the contents of the shipment, including the value, quantity, and description of the items. DHL then uses this information to prepare the necessary customs documentation and submit it to the customs authorities for clearance. Once the customs clearance is obtained, DHL can proceed with the international shipping of the goods to their destination. It's important to ensure that all necessary customs requirements are met to avoid any delays or issues with the shipment.
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What are the import duty and customs duty on shipping costs?
Import duty and customs duty on shipping costs vary depending on the country and the type of goods being shipped. Import duty is a tax imposed on goods being imported into a country, while customs duty is a tariff or tax on goods being exported or imported. These duties are calculated based on the value of the goods, the type of goods, and the country of origin. It's important to research and understand the specific import and customs duties for the country you are shipping to in order to accurately calculate the total cost of shipping.
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