Products related to Explanation:
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Levels of Explanation
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence.It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. The different sciences furnish us with a wide variety of explanations: some work at macroscopic scales, some work at microscopic scales, and some operate across different levels.How do these different explanatory levels relate to one another, and what is an explanatory level in the first place?Over the last 50 years, more and more philosophers--both reductionists and anti-reductionists--no longer subscribe to the idea that the best explanation resides at the fundamental physical level.New challenges arise from the success of scientific explanations employing multi-level models which mix levels of explanation, from distinctive differences between levels structures in biology, cognitive science, and social science, from the apparently radical reimagining of the explanatory role of spacetime in our current best theories of fundamental physics, and from the enduring mystery of how higher-level explanations are possible in the first place.These questions naturally connect to classic philosophical ways of thinking about the relationships between levels: reduction, emergence, and fundamentality.This volume presents a snapshot of cutting-edge research on explanatory levels, from their conceptual foundations to the details of how they are used in scientific practice.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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A Perfect Explanation
Longlisted for the Not the Booker Prize 2019 Longlisted for The Desmond Elliott Prize 2019 Observer: Fiction to look out for in 2019 The i Paper’s 30 of the best new debut novels to read in 2019 Scottish Review of Books: 2019 in Prospect As featured on BBC Woman’s Hour, Sky Sunrise and London Live ‘Filled with cerebral intensity and scintillating dialogue’ —The Desmond Elliott Prize Exploring themes of ownership and abandonment, Eleanor Anstruther’s bestselling debut is a fictionalised account of the true story of Enid Campbell (1892–1964), granddaughter of the 8th Duke of Argyll. Interweaving one significant day in 1964 with a decade during the interwar period, A Perfect Explanation gets to the heart of what it is to be bound by gender, heritage and tradition, to fight, to lose, to fight again.In a world of privilege, truth remains the same; there are no heroes and villains, only people misunderstood.Here, in the pages of this extraordinary book where the unspoken is conveyed with vivid simplicity, lies a story that will leave you reeling.
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What is the export-import trade?
Export-import trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It involves the sale of goods and services from one country to another (export) and the purchase of goods and services from another country (import). This trade is essential for the global economy as it allows countries to access products and resources that they may not have domestically, while also providing opportunities for businesses to expand their markets and reach new customers. The balance of export and import trade is an important indicator of a country's economic health and its relationship with other nations.
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What is the import-export trade with Spain?
The import-export trade with Spain involves a variety of goods and services. Spain is known for exporting products such as machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products like fruits and vegetables. In return, Spain imports goods such as petroleum, machinery, and chemicals. The trade relationship between Spain and other countries is important for both parties' economies, as it allows for the exchange of goods and services that are beneficial for each country's industries and consumers.
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How does international shipping work with German customs?
International shipping with German customs involves the sender providing detailed information about the contents of the package, its value, and the recipient's contact information. The package is then inspected by German customs officials to ensure compliance with import regulations and to determine any applicable duties or taxes. Once the package clears customs, it is delivered to the recipient's address. It is important to accurately declare the contents and value of the package to avoid delays or additional fees.
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To what extent is HM involved in global trade (export/import)?
HM, a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, is heavily involved in global trade through both exports and imports. The company sources its products from various countries around the world, including many in Asia and Europe, making it a major player in the global supply chain. Additionally, HM has a strong presence in international markets, with stores in over 70 countries, further highlighting its involvement in global trade. Overall, HM's business model relies heavily on global trade to supply its products and reach customers worldwide.
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George Silverman's Explanation
After a traumatic early childhood spent living in poverty in a Preston cellar, the suddenly orphaned George Silverman grows up convinced that he is at fault for all the misfortunes in his life.Hoodwinked by hypocritical clergymen and exploited by his employer, he finds himself forsaking love and facing professional ruin. One of Dickens’s very last writings, ‘George Silverman’s Explanation’ is a dark and psychologically insightful investigation of failure and guilt.This volume also includes two other lesser-known pieces of fiction by Dickens: the novella for children ‘Holiday Romance’ and the detective story ‘Hunted Down’.
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The Explanation of Behaviour
The Explanation of Behaviour was the first book written by the renowned philosopher Charles Taylor.A vitally important work of philosophical anthropology, it is a devastating criticism of the theory of behaviourism, a powerful explanatory approach in psychology and philosophy when Taylor's book was first published.However, Taylor has far more to offer than a simple critique of behaviourism.He argues that in order to properly understand human beings, we must grasp that they are embodied, minded creatures with purposes, plans and goals, something entirely lacking in reductionist, scientific explanations of human behaviour. Taylor’s book is also prescient in according a central place to non-human animals, which like human beings are subject to needs, desires and emotions.However, because human beings have the unique ability to interpret and reflect on their own actions and purposes and declare them to others, Taylor argues that human experience differs to that of other animals.Furthermore, the fact that human beings are often directed by their purposes has a fundamental bearing on how we understand the social and moral world.Taylor’s classic work is essential reading for those in philosophy and psychology as well as related areas such as sociology and religion. This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Preface by the author and a new Foreword by Alva Noë, setting the book in philosophical and historical context.
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Inference to the Best Explanation
How do we go about weighing evidence, testing hypotheses, and making inferences?According to the model of Inference to the Best Explanation, we work out what to infer from the evidence by thinking about what would actually explain that evidence, and we take the ability of a hypothesis to explain the evidence as a sign that the hypothesis is correct.In Inference to the Best Explanation, Peter Lipton gives this important and influential idea the development and assessment it deserves. The second edition has been substantially enlarged and reworked, with a new chapter on the relationship between explanation and Bayesianism, and an extension and defence of the account of contrastive explanation.It also includes an expanded defence of the claims that our inferences really are guided by diverse explanatory considerations, and that this pattern of inference can take us towards the truth.This edition of Inference to the Best Explanation has also been updated throughout and includes a new bibliography.
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Theory and Explanation in Geography
THEORY AND EXPLANATION IN GEOGRAPHY "With this book Henry Yeung puts Geography back into the driver's seat of new theory development.Foregrounding mid-range theories and mechanism-based explanations, he offers a pragmatic approach that has the capacity to shape the wider social sciences for years to come.The timing of this intervention is pitch-perfect, as scholars search for ways to understand and intervene in an increasingly distrustful and polarized world."—KATHARYNE MITCHELL, Distinguished Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA "In Theory and Explanation in Geography Yeung presents us with a rare thing - an argument for geographical theory with forms of causal explanation at its heart.The book is both modest and ambitious. Modest in its insistence on mid-level theory without a call for some new “turn” or advocacy for any particular approach.Ambitious in its insistence that existing theoretical traditions are inadequate or incomplete insofar as they lack causal explanatory power.Geographers will be inspired and/or infuriated by Yeung’s arguments in this provocative and cogently argued call to theoretical arms for many years to come."—Tim Cresswell, Ogilvie Professor of Geography, University of Edinburgh, UK "Critical human geography possesses a distinctive theory culture—pluralist, creative, distributed, restless, contested—prone to “turning,” wary of orthodoxies and fixed positions.In this original and provocative contribution, the leading economic geographer Henry Yeung steps out beyond his home turf to engage styles and practices of theorizing across this diverse field, carving out a new remit and rubric for middle-range theorizing."—JAMIE PECK, Canadian Research Chair and Distinguished University Scholar, University of British Columbia, Canada Grounded in a generous reading of a multitude of critical approaches in human geography and their diverse conceptions of theory, Theory and Explanation in Geography draws upon cutting-edge debates on the mechanism-based approach to theory and explanation in analytical sociology, political science, and the philosophy of social sciences to inform current and future geographical thinking on theory.This consolidated conceptual work represents an extension and much further development of the author's well-cited works on relational geography, critical realism and causal explanation, process-based methodology, globalization and the theory of global production networks, and "theorizing back" and situated knowledges that were published in leading journals in Geography. The work has several chapters that identify new directions for Geography’s current and future engagement with the wider social sciences and relevant research agendas in geographical thought.Its main chapters provide the necessary conceptual toolkits for mobilizing such an expanding research program in the 2020s and beyond.Compared to typical texts on geographical thought, this book is less retrospective and historical and more prospective in nature.Detailing why and how mid-range explanatory theories can be better developed through causal mechanisms and relational thinking that have been revitalized in the social sciences, Theory and Explanation in Geography is an essential read for academics, geographers, and scholars seeking unique perspective on an important facet of the field.
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What is the explanation for trade unions and labor unions?
Trade unions and labor unions are formed by workers to collectively bargain for better wages, working conditions, and benefits from their employers. By joining together, workers have more bargaining power and can negotiate with management from a position of strength. These unions also provide a platform for workers to address grievances, ensure fair treatment, and advocate for their rights in the workplace. Overall, trade unions and labor unions play a crucial role in advocating for the interests and well-being of workers.
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What is the explanation for trade unions and labor associations?
Trade unions and labor associations are formed to protect the rights and interests of workers. They negotiate with employers on behalf of workers to secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions. By collectively bargaining, unions can leverage the power of a unified voice to address issues such as workplace safety, job security, and fair treatment. Additionally, unions provide a platform for workers to organize, support each other, and advocate for their rights in the workplace.
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How does international shipping, customs, etc. work on eBay?
eBay provides a platform for sellers to list items for sale internationally, allowing buyers from different countries to purchase these items. When a buyer from another country makes a purchase, the seller is responsible for shipping the item to the buyer's location. International shipping costs and delivery times vary depending on the shipping method chosen by the seller. Customs duties and import taxes may also apply, which the buyer is typically responsible for paying upon receiving the item. eBay provides tools and resources to help sellers navigate international shipping and customs requirements.
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How does customs clearance work for international shipping with DHL?
Customs clearance for international shipping with DHL involves the process of getting approval from the customs authorities to export or import goods. When shipping with DHL, the sender is required to provide detailed information about the contents of the shipment, including the value, quantity, and description of the items. DHL then uses this information to prepare the necessary customs documentation and submit it to the customs authorities for clearance. Once the customs clearance is obtained, DHL can proceed with the international shipping of the goods to their destination. It's important to ensure that all necessary customs requirements are met to avoid any delays or issues with the shipment.
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